Presbyopia is what happens when the eye's lens loses flexibility. For new accounts: Purchase APR (interest rate) is 29.99%; Minimum Interest Charge is $2. Over time, the technology has improved and lens designs have been developed to be more rotationally stable on the eye and thinner, which helped patients eyes feel and see better. Health savings accounts: Is an HSA right for you? The light rays in the middle are slowed down, so they come into focus in front of the retina, in the myopic range, she continues. You can't prevent presbyopia. Acuvue Oasys (A) differs from Dual Focus (B) in the size of the zones, especially in the central annular. Ruiz-Pomeda A., Fernandes P., Amorim-de-Sousa A., et al. Llorente-Guillemot et al. Therefore, it is possible to find similar values of ocular spherical aberrations but opposite in sign in comparison to the lens design, reducing or cancelling the expected depth of focus [8185]. Few studies have evaluated the accommodation and binocular vision balance in children undergoing myopia control treatments. Allen P. M., Radhakrishnan H., Price H., et al. Richdale K., Mitchell G. L., Zadnik K. Comparison of multifocal and monovision soft contact lens corrections in patients with low-astigmatic presbyopia. 7. Terms and conditions apply. They contain multiple zones of vision correction instead of just one, which allows both your eyes to work together so you can see things both up-close and at a distance with just one lens. Ask your VSP network doctor if this contact lens might be right for you. Multifocal contact lenses are made specifically for people who have presbyopia. Several types of lens implants are available for correcting presbyopia. This device allows a systematic control of distance of examination and luminance conditions and has proved to report comparable values to Vision Contrast Test System VCTS 6500 (Vistech Consultants, Dayton, OH) in the same study. This figure exemplifies the challenges potentially faced by subjects when viewing through multifocal simultaneous vision contact lenses (Figure 3 bottom). There are two basic types of multifocal contact lens designs: simultaneous vision designs and segmented designs. You can think theyre a little more myopic than they actually are, she says. Goes advises. 9. de Luis Eguileor B, Martnez-Indart L, Martnez Alday N, et al. The pupil size of the eye and the power distribution across the lens are related to providing the desired effect for presbyopia and myopia applications [1, 2, 7]. Presented December 2019. Keep your eyes healthy. Mean MRSE was 0.049 D in the Vivity group (n=107) and 0.081 D in the monofocal group (n=113). https://www.aao.org/preferred-practice-pattern/comprehensive-adult-medical-eye-evaluation-2015. [101] showed that the presence of glare could decrease further the performance of Purevision multifocal compared to spectacle correction. In terms of optical design, both lenses are refractive and reduce spherical aberration to near zero., One study analyzing Eyhances optical performance reported that the add power in the central 2-mm zone, coupled with the lenss greater negative spherical aberration values, induced a myopic shift of the maximum optical quality to improve intermediate vision.6 With a 2-mm pupil, the maximum of the through-focus MTFa curve of Eyhance shifted to a myopic defocus of -0.5 D, they reported. Winn et al. 's [90] study has been performed on young people under cycloplegia. [101] while others found systematically higher values for low and medium frequencies at distance while found higher CS values at the higher frequency (18cpd) at near [99]. However, all of the light energy focused behind the retina, in the hyperopic range, is unusable. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Aspheric multifocal contact lenses. They found that the EDOF provided better intermediate and near visual performance, with no difference for distance vision in comparison with the other multifocal contact lens designs. de Gracia et al. Because of this questionnaire method, outcomes were reproducible in the OUS and US studies, she explains. Wang B., Ciuffreda K. J. Depth-of-focus of the human eye: theory and clinical implications. Int Ophthalmol 2021;41:2:491-8. The two lenses have the same base geometry, and the difference in shape is in the range of microns, which still means a lot for the lens power. Vivity achieves an extended range of vision by reshaping the wavefront with its central optical element. Figure 3 illustrates the Snellen E-letter for a theoretical diffraction-limited eye (top) and an aspheric-based design with +0.25 spherical aberration (bottom) from 1.75 to +1.75 diopters (D). Similar results to those reported by Gupta et al. Mencucci R, Cennamo M, Venturi D, et al. PC Technology binds water throughout each Proclear contact lens, creating a shield around it, keeping the lens clean. Through-focus Visual Strehl for the theoretical diffraction-limited eye (dashed) and the aspheric design (solid) for 4mm pupil diameter and different light level conditions: 1000cd/m2, 10cd/m2, and 1cd/m2. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. The site is secure. [32]). Bakaraju R. C., Tilia D., Sha J., et al. The reduced pupil diameter has the potential disadvantage of leading to lower retinal illuminance that affects the visual performance under low levels of illumination. 2023 Bausch & Lomb Incorporated or its affiliates. For instance, a trifocal lens will use about 50 percent of the light to focus for distance, and 25 percent each for intermediate and near, so if you put a lens like that in a compromised eye, you may not have the image quality that youd have in a healthy eye., Alcon says that Vivity is suitable for patients with imperfect or healthy eyes who are seeking an extended range of vision. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. However, this will require a better understanding of the mechanisms governing the myopization process in young children and the mechanisms of action of optical devices that are able to control the ocular growth. However, in the case of myopia control, in addition to foveal imaging, off-axis imaging should also be taken into account as it could be relevant to achieve the therapeutic effect and slow eye growth (yet to be confirmed) [8]. Patients implanted with Vivity achieved significantly better intermediate and near vision compared to the SN60WF monofocal in both the US (n=220) and OUS (n=282) trials. Due to its larger diameter and flexibility, it enables better control of centration and lens movement compared to corneal RGP contact lenses. Understanding Contacts: Are They the Right Solution for You? These are clearly divided sections. Thought with some differences due to the ability to control several variables such as pupil size and aberration structure of synthetic eyes, similar results were found by Faria-Ribeiro et al. Beginning around age 40, an individual may begin to become presbyopic - and the eye can no longer focus on close up objects. If you are interested in these lenses because they are convenient and can help you with presbyopia correction on top of other refractive error correction, talk to your eye doctor. To date, there are different commercial devices that measure objectively the contact lens power profile and power maps following the specifications of ISO 18369-2:2013 (Ophthalmic opticsContact lensesPart 2: tolerances) [46] and ISO 18369-3:2017 (Ophthalmic opticsContact lensesPart 3: measurement methods) [47]: ConTest II (Rotlex, Israel), which uses a Moir fringe method; Visionix 2001 (Visionix Ltd, Jerusalem, Israel) [43] and SHSOphthalmic (Optocraft GmbH, Erlangen, Germany) [39], which are based on Hartmann-Shack technology; and NIMO TR1504 (Lambda-X, Nivelles, Belgium), based on a deflectometry technique and the combination of the Schlieren principle with a phase-shifting method [38, 45]. Soft contact lenses are the same size as your corneas and lie on them. Contact Lens & Anterior Eye. The spherical aberration is more positive for hyperopes than for myopes and emmetropes [7880]. Stereoacuity is relevant in presbyopia correction with contact lenses because some modalities, as monovision, affect the ability of both eyes to work together in an effective way to the highest level of binocularity and stereoscopic perception. Mian SI. You have to look for that central element. To view a video of this light reflex, and additional photos, check out the online version of this article at reviewofophthalmology.com. Although SL are very stable on-eye, they tend to decenter. One of the clinical trial findings of particular interest was the amount of good distance vision the lens also provided, says Dr. Berdahl. This can be frustrating for some people. At six months postop, Vivity provided an improvement of a line or better in binocular distance-corrected, uncorrected intermediate and near vision versus the monofocal. Vega F, Milln MS, Gil MA, Garzn N. Optical performance of a monofocal intraocular lens designed to extend depth of focus. Blur, however, was statistically significantly better with the Vivity lens.. It also has contrast sensitivity comparable to the monofocal and doesnt have the side effects of multifocal intraocular lenses.. When light is split, as in a diffractive optic, its lost, Dr. McCabe notes. Contact lenses stay hydrated, helping them feel moist and comfortable throughout the day. Fortunately, that has now changed and there are options available in soft contact lenses to correct both astigmatism and presbyopia. Johnson & Johnson Vision says that this lens provides a 30-percent improvement in contrast in low-light conditions at 5 mm compared to a standard monofocal and has a low dysphotopsia profile, comparable to that of the Tecnis one-piece monofocal. In addition, contact lenses are also minimally invasive, can be easily exchangeable, and, therefore, suitable for conditions in which surgical procedures are not indicated. Bausch & Lomb Incorporated. Visual impairment in adults: Refractive disorders and presbyopia. A summary of different studies reporting binocular distance contrast sensitivity is presented in Table 2. Farsightedness is what happens when the eyeball is too short. Their summary of information also shows that for the majority of studies dealing with different variables, DoF increases with ageing and is better for smaller pupil sizes. However, the adaptation of multifocal contact lenses is still challenging for patients and practitioners. The connection between spherical aberration and coma and the possibility of balancing coma by modulation of aspheric designs are recognized in the classic Seidel aberration theory; so, luckily to date, there are some strategies that modulate the optical surfaces to decrease the impact of decentration (e.g., aspheric balance curve) [87]. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol 2020;95:11:523-7. : accommodation; Discont. MTB.0263.USA.22 V3.0 All information and materials on this site pertain to the U.S. only, unless otherwise indicated. Vivity performs well in eyes that arent pristine; it can provide some near vision, but not spectacle independence, says John Berdahl, MD, of Vance Thompson Vision in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, who was also involved in the clinical trial. Your doctor may ask: Make sure you have adequate lighting. In this article, we take a look at the unique designs and features of these lenses. Furthermore, with binocular viewing multifocal concentric designs showed temporal decentration, supporting the strategy of asymmetrical concentric multifocal design to coincide with the line of sight [8890]. [99]). Presbyopia Contact Lenses https://trendhunter.com/trends/bausch-lomb-infuse-multifocal-silicone-hydrogel #Lifestyle . Cataract surgery has become a refractive procedure in which emmetropia is the goal, with the implantation of extended depth-of-focus or multifocal intraocular lenses (IOLs) being the commonly selected option to restore vision beyond the far distance. Your doctor may use various instruments and ask you to look through several lenses to test your distance and close-up vision. Photopic binocular near contrast sensitivity function for different studies. Progressive, which transition seamlessly from one area to another in your vision. Medicaid: Eligibility and Vision Benefits. Wearing multifocal lenses allows you to alternate between multiple activities. Atchison D. A., Scott D. H., Strang N. C., Artal P. Influence of Stiles-Crawford apodization on visual acuity. In a different study, Diec et al. Atchison D. A., Pritchard N., Schmid K. L. Peripheral refraction along the horizontal and vertical visual fields in myopia. These simulators are based on adaptive optics elements (deformable mirrors or spatial light modulators [5153]) or temporal multiplexing (e.g., SimVis technology [5456]) and work by projecting the theoretical multifocal pattern design onto the patients pupil plane, allowing us to evaluate the effect of different distance-near pupillary distribution and to test directly the visual performance. However, unlike theoretical models, experimental visual simulators incorporate both ocular optics and neural factors, showing visual testing of different multifocal patterns and offering patients a direct visual experience before fitting a specific multifocal contact lens design. Some people have had success with a presbyopia treatment that involves inserting a small plastic ring with a central opening, into the cornea of one eye. Dilation enables your doctor to more easily view the inside of your eyes. In a clinical study (n=20), the CE-marked lens demonstrated 20/20 vision in binocular UDVA and dominant eye UDVA, J1/J2 on the Jaeger chart (approximately equivalent to 20/24) for binocular UIVA and 20/32 vision for binocular UNVA.12. If youve had astigmatism for a while, you may be familiar with the potential difficulties that this condition presents. Comprehensive Adult Medical Eye Evaluation - 2015. Dr. UV-blocking contact lenses help provide protection against harmful UV radiation. Eye Care Professionals share their success with this innovative multifocal toric lens design. Reproduction in whole or in part without permission is prohibited. If so, you may want to consider wearing multifocal contact lenses. Its very forgiving. He highly recommends using the max plus technique for refraction. Do I need any tests other than a complete eye examination? The study included 120 eyes of 60 patients (30 in each group) who underwent bilateral cataract surgery. Which treatment would you recommend for me? In the US trial we had to choose the target closest to plano, but in the OUS trial they could choose first minus, if they wanted to, she continues. Ask your eye doctor if nonprescription glasses are OK for you. These lenses may broaden the pool of potential candidates seeking greater range of vision, because theyve each been shown to have low visual side-effect profiles and slightly increased tolerance of mild pathology. In addition to the effect of pupil size on light transmission, the pupil size also may influence the effectiveness of the photoreceptor function due to the directional sensitivity of the photoreceptors (Stiles-Crawford effect). Accessed Sept. 10, 2020. Join Now. Influence of the pupil size on visual quality and spherical aberration after implantation of the Tecnis 1-piece intraocular lens. However, this blurred background is sometimes described as ghost images or halo by patients. Click above for a video on how to determine which eye is your dominant eye. the contents by NLM or the National Institutes of Health. Some of these include: Most people who use contacts get soft contact lenses, but if you have specific eye conditions, you may ask about hard gas permeable multifocal contact lenses. Salmon JF. Survey among 1,250 Eye Care Professionals . Hiraoka T., Kakita T., Okamoto F., Takahashi H., Oshika T. Long-term effect of overnight orthokeratology on axial length elongation in childhood myopia: a 5-year follow-up study. There are two main types of simultaneous image contact lens designs concentric multifocal contact lenses and aspheric multifocal contact lenses. Br J Ophthalmol 2011;95:1:42-5. Other more sophisticated modes to evaluate vision should be used in the future as myopia control devices can induce some degree of dysphotopsia, particularly under dim lighting conditions [85, 127]. Hybrid multifocal contact lenses also correct most types of astigmatism. As mentioned above, the pupil diameter changes with the accommodation, so that the near pupil is smaller than the distance pupil. Huang J., Wen D., Wang Q., et al. There are two types of simultaneous vision designs: Concentric multifocal contact lenses. Eyhance is a one-piece monofocal with a 6-mm biconvex, aspheric anterior surface, made of a UV-blocking hydrophobic acrylic. So, if you have astigmatism and your vision isnt as good as it used to be, dont despair. Santolaria-Sanz E., Cervio A., Gonzlez-Mijome J. M. Corneal aberrations, contrast sensitivity, and light distortion in orthokeratology patients: 1-year results. What, if anything, seems to improve your symptoms? ACUVUE VITA for ASTIGMATISM. [40]. Many different companies that make multifocal contact lenses. Jump to ULTRA toric multifocal parameters *Based on sales data from December 2021 through December 2022. Interestingly, it has been also demonstrated that the optical quality could be improved by adding certain amounts of spherical aberration to a given level of defocus, as well as specific amounts of astigmatism and coma can interact favorably to increase the depth of focus while minimizing the decrease of visual acuity [76, 77]. Accessed Sept. 10, 2020. What You Need to Know. / Multifocal Contact Lenses. The optical principles for scleral lenses are identical to corneal RGP and hybrid contact lenses, as corneal astigmatism (regular or irregular) and high-order aberrations are partially or completely compensated by the tear film reservoir between the lens and the cornea. Koh S. Irregular astigmatism and higher-order aberrations in eyes with dry eye disease. This section intends to discuss the ocular factors that affect the performance of multifocal devices. Lpez-Gil N., Iglesias I., Artal P. Retinal image quality in the human eye as a function of the accommodation. Reading glasses used to be the only option available to contact lens wearers who wanted to read a menu or do other everyday tasks that require good near vision. Garca-Lzaro S., Ferrer-Blasco T., Radhakrishnan H., Cervio A., Charman N. W., Monts-Mic R. Visual function through 4 contact lens-based pinhole systems for presbyopia. Right-handed people tend to be right-eye dominant and left-handed folks left-eye dominant. Bifocal lenses are the most familiar to most people, but there are other forms of multifocal lenses, including trifocals and progressive lenses. The Bausch + Lomb Infuse Multifocal Silicone Hydrogel contact lenses are a new product developed with the needs of consumers with presbyopia in mind. Sorbara L., Maram J., Fonn D., Woods C., Simpson T. Metrics of the normal cornea: anterior segment imaging with the Visante OCT. Sorbara L., Maram J., Mueller K. Use of the Visante OCT to measure the sagittal depth and scleral shape of keratoconus compared to normal corneae: pilot study. Evaluation of the true wavefront aberrations in eyes implanted with a rotationally asymmetric multifocal intraocular lens. Also at six months, 98 percent, 97 percent and 58 percent of Vivity patients reached 20/32 or better for binocular distance, intermediate and near (near point 40 cm), respectively. Do you have presbyopia? Bower KS. Additionally, the company says, RayOne EMV is a cost-effective solution for patients when diffractive IOLs may be cost prohibitive or if there are concerns about dysphotopsias.. Average binocular UDVA was 20/22 and 20/20 in the Eyhance and PCB00 groups, respectively (p=0.62). Summary of results of recent studies evaluating stereoacuity with different methods in presbyopic patients wearing simultaneous image multifocal and bifocal soft contact lenses. However, clinical studies have not been done to demonstrate that wearing UV-blocking contact lenses reduces the risk of developing cataracts or other eye disorders. Multifocals: Myopia, astigmatism, and presbyopia together are common in older adults. Postblink changes in total and corneal ocular aberrations. The need for distance glasses tends to be a little less with Eyhance than with a monofocal lens as well. In some cases, better visual results can be achieved using a single vision lens on the dominant eye for distance vision and a multifocal lens on the other eye for intermediate and near vision. Distance vision was as good as the monofocal lens, and that was impressive, he says. This toric shape prevents light from focusing properly on your retina, causing vision to blur and making it harder to see objects up close and far away. For higher pupil diameters, the area of the pupil is covered equally by far and near vision corrections, ensuring reasonable contrast for both far and near images. 1998-2023 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). This research has received funding from the Spanish Government (DTS18/00107) to PPM; PPM also declares Personal Financial Interest (2EyesVision). To learn more, read our Privacy Policy and Editorial Policy pages. [97] have been reported by Richdale et al. Beyond the function for which the lens is designed, either enhancing the depth of focus or halting myopia progression, the device has to provide functional visual acuity at different target distances either without accommodation or with minimal residual accommodation in the older presbyopic eye or couple with the subjects accommodation in the case of the younger eye in myopia control devices. This phenomenon has been extensively reviewed by Wang and Ciuffreda [111] and their work provides relevant information that might also apply in the context of multifocal contact lens performance because, if the DoF changes with age, pupil size, or other factors associated with the ageing process of the human eye, this might also affect the performance of the patients and this might limit our ability to discriminate which part of the improvement effect with a certain contact lens is associated with the optics of the lens itself or to the DoF of the patient. Having both presbyopia and astigmatism may have meant your contact lens wearing days might have come to an end. Interestingly, it was under the mesopic conditions where the lenses under comparison presented statistically significant differences. Unlike the discrete segmented rings of distance and near refractive power surrounding the center of the lens in the concentric designs, the aspheric designs show gradual changes in power from the center (center-distance or center-near) to the periphery of the lens (see Figure 1). Int Ophthalmol 2021;41:273-82. Theyre made with PC Technology which was specially created for contact lens wearers like you; it binds water to your lenses, helping them remain fresh and comfortable all day long. Balanced Progressive Technology provides multiple correction zones in each lens that are tailored to your personal prescription, so you can see clearly at all distances. Do you have any brochures or other printed material I can take with me? Chen L., Kruger P. B., Hofer H., Singer B., Williams D. R. Accommodation with higher-order monochromatic aberrations corrected with adaptive optics. [107] investigated if the initial multifocal contact lens performance predicts short-term dispensing performance, but their results were not able to predict the short-term performance of a multifocal contact lens. Lundstrm L., Gustafsson J., Unsbo P. Population distribution of wavefront aberrations in the peripheral human eye. Other studies reporting such results generally agreed that no significant changes are observed with peripheral gradient contact lenses [11], concentric dual-focus [42, 122], and defocus incorporated soft contact lens [125]. Existing cardholders: See your credit card agreement terms. The horizontal meridian is more myopic than the vertical meridian. Moreover, the effect of monovision in stereoacuity seems to remain unchanged after 15 days wearing the modality, which suggests that if stereoacuity improves over time with monovision, this is not likely to happen in the short term. I wouldnt use this lens at first in significantly aberrated eyes or eyes with other significant pathology, however. See all. Paun J., Morales H., Armengol J., Quevedo L., Faria-Ribeiro M., Gonzlez-Mijome J. M. Myopia control with a novel peripheral gradient soft lens and orthokeratology: a 2-year clinical trial. Segmented multifocal designs. Table 5 shows the results of different studies evaluating the defocus curves with different multifocal contact lenses. Santens Xact Mono-EDOF is a CE-marked monofocal IOL that offers continuous focus from distance to intermediate with a minimal level of glare and halo, according to the company. 3-Zone Progressive Design sets apart Bausch + Lomb's multifocal lens offerings from other multifocal lenses. Contact lenses whose optical zone remains stable regarding the pupil on different eyesight directions can be built in any platform from corneal to scleral RGP, soft and hybrid materials. What, if anything, appears to worsen your symptoms? Inclusion in an NLM database does not imply endorsement of, or agreement with, However, SL wearers and manufacturers could also take advantage of the unique stability on-eye during lens wear: these lenses are rotationally stable and have lack of movement with blinking [22, 23]. Mayo Clinic does not endorse companies or products. The luminous efficiency of rays entering the eye pupil at different points. When a contact lens is placed on the eye, there is an interaction between the lens design and the patients' native aberrations. Also, expect to go through an adjustment period before you fully judge how these lenses work for you. Purevision Multifocal (C) and Airoptix (D) become strongly biased towards distance correction as the pupil diameter increase. Postoperatively, its kind of the same thingif the pupil isnt very dilated and you dont get the slit lamp exactly at the right angle, its hard to see that this lens isnt just a monofocal. The flip side of aiming hyperopic is that you wont gain intermediate or near vision., At press time, the RayOne EMV (Rayner Global) received FDA approval from the United States Food and Drug Administration. Take this quick information sheet to remember your product. Morgan P. B., Efron N. Contact lens correction of presbyopia. Sun Y., Xu F., Zhang T., et al. Its also available in a toric version. Alipour F., Kheirkhah A., Behrouz M. J. Multifocal lenses are contacts with multiple prescriptions in one lens to target near, intermediate, and distance vision. Those results in the context of clinical trials as well as experimental studies conducted recently with different lens prototypes [129] reveal that for the pupil size of younger subjects, distance visual performance could not be compromised as measured with visual acuity charts as long as the lens preserves a significant proportion of the optic zone devoted to distance vision focus. Presbyopia correction is now available over a diverse range of material platforms including soft, hybrid, corneal, and scleral rigid gas permeable contact lenses. Our best data comes from the FDA clinical trial, but our experience so far has been pretty good. Therefore, understanding the coupling effect between the contact lens design, ocular optics, and visual adaptation is essential to explain the mechanism of action of a specific multifocal design for presbyopia and myopia applications. Objective assessment of the effect of pupil size upon the power distribution of multifocal contact lenses. It is essential that patients follow the eye care practitioners direction and all labeling instructions for proper use of lenses and lens care products. National Eye Institute. Ideally, your eye should be spherical, but if you have astigmatism, your eye is more oval/egg shaped. For those with astigmatism and presbyopia, there's a new product available that combines presbyopia and astigmatism lens designs, called Bausch + Lomb ULTRA Multifocal for Astigmatism. An official website of the United States government. Martins C., Amorim-De-Sousa A., Faria-Ribeiro M., Paun J., Gonzlez-Mijome J. M., Queirs A. Short-term comparison between extended depth-of-focus prototype contact lenses and a commercially-available center-near multifocal. Bakaraju R. C., Ehrmann K., Ho A. Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. Sept. 18, 2017. While presbyopia correction with contact lenses accounts for up to 25 to 35% of the contact lens fittings in several countries [5], myopia control contact lens fittings are still limited to 2 to 5% of the contact lenses fitted [6]. She adds that because of the plateau around plano, its important to push plus in refractions postoperatively. Li S.-M., Kang M.-T., Wu S.-S., et al. This content does not have an Arabic version. 6. That stretched column of precisely focused light allows for a continuous range of vision from distance through intermediate and functional near range. Rochester, Minn.: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research; 2020. You may find that your eyes health improves if you wear multifocal glasses or trifocal glasses rather than wearing contact lenses most of the time. The .gov means its official. 10. Not sure you want to use multifocal contact lenses after all? It features a frosted, continuous 360-degree posterior square edge and C-haptics, offset from the optics. This project was also supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) in the framework of projects PTDC/SAU-BEB/098392/2008 and PTDC/FIS-OPT/0677/2014 granted to JMG-M, the FCT Strategic Funding UID/FIS/04650/2013 granted to the Center of Physics, UMinho, and predoctoral grant SFRH/BD/136684/2018 to AA-S.
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